E-Learning & Certification of mapping: Mapping (in English: Surveying) refers to the science of accurate measurement and determining the relative or absolute position of features on the surface of the earth. From this simple definition, it is understood that the goal is to determine the coordinates of points in three dimensions. In some cases, the time dimension is also taken into account to determine the position (astronomical measurements and satellite mapping). The desired coordinates can be Cartesian XYZ coordinates or latitude and longitude coordinates. Usually, the mapping operation consists of two steps: taking (or measuring) and calculating and presenting the work results. In the measurement stage, tools and devices (such as total stations, theodolites, GPS) and various methods are used to obtain the necessary data for the second stage. The results of the work are presented in analog forms (maps, longitudinal and transverse sections) or digital (such as tables, digital land models).

Course headings virtual learning mapping: